다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

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110

A fundamental statistical unit¹ used in demography is the individual² or person² . The term head² has also been employed but this usage is now largely out of date. The household³, a socio-economic unit, consists of individuals who live together. Statistical definitions of the household vary. According to the definition which has been recommended as an international standard a household consists of a group of individuals who share living quarters (120-1) and their principal meals. The term hearth³ has been used in the past, showing that in the past members of the household used to share the same fire. Classifications of households also vary between different countries and different enquiries. Most classifications involve the distinction of two types: private households⁴ and collective households⁵ . An individual living by himself is considered to be a one-person household⁶ . A boarder⁷ is a person other than a domestic servant, who is unrelated to other members of the household and who habitually takes his meals with the household. A lodger⁸ or roomer⁸, on the other hand, does not habitually take his meals with the household. These two categories may or may not be included in the household for statistical purposes.

• 4. Private households are called family households when their members are related.
• 5. Collective households may include institutional households composed of persons who reside in specifically designated institutions (e.g. hospitals, prisons, etc.). They may also include unrelated persons who reside in group quarters (120-1*) other than institutions. However, recent internationally recommended definitions restrict the terms household and household population to private households, and refer otherwise to persons not living in households.

111

When a private household (110-4) contains several persons they are called members of the household¹ and one of them will be the head of the household² . There is no universally accepted rule as to who is considered the head of the household; in some cases it may be the principal earner³. On most census schedules there appears a question dealing with the relationship⁴ (114-3*) of members of the household to its head. This enables a distinction to be made between different groups in composite households⁵ or complex households⁵ which contain members of more than one biological family or nuclear family (113-1). A composite or complex household can be disaggregated into several nuclei⁶, including a primary nucleus⁷ and secondary nuclei⁸. The nuclei are more commonly called families (112-1). The 틀:NewTextTerm is that of the household head when it is defined, the others are called 틀:NewTextTerm. Household size¹¹ denotes the number of persons included in the household.

• 2. The term householder is sometimes used to refer to the head of the household. The term headship is frequently encountered, as in headship ratio, the ratio of the number of heads of households by age, sex or other characteristics to the corresponding categories of population.
• 6. The nucleus is also called a conjugal family unit.

112

The family¹ (cf. § 113 and § 115) is a different unit which must be carefully distinguished from the household (110-3). It is defined primarily by reference to relationships which pertain to or arise from marriage, reproduction or adoption, all of which are regulated by law or custom. The fundamental relationships are those established between a couple by marriage — and that existing between a couple as parents², i.e., father³ and mother⁴, and their children⁵, i.e., sons⁶ and daughters⁷ .

• 2. Parent, n. - parental, adj. - parenthood, n.: the state of being or becoming a parent.
• 3. Father, n. - paternal, adj.
• 4. Mother, n. - maternal, adj.
• 6. Son, n. - filial, adj.
• 7. Daughter, n. - filial, adj.

113

Parents and their children are sometimes referred to as the biological family¹, or nuclear family¹ . Brothers² and sisters³, without distinction of sex are called sibs⁴ or siblings⁴ . Siblings with only one parent in common are called half-brothers⁵ or half-sisters⁶. Extended families⁷ are larger family units generally composed of combinations of nuclear families. The 틀:NewTextTerm consists of three or more generations living in the same household or very close to each other. The 틀:NewTextTerm involves siblings with their spouses and their children living together. The vertically extended family can generate special types such as the 틀:NewTextTerm in which only the heir and his family may continue to reside with their parents.

• 1. The term simple family and elementary family are frequent synonyms for the terms biological or nuclear family. In a restricted sense, such as in fertility analyses, the term biological family may refer to parents and their own children, excluding adopted children.
• 7. The terms composite family and joint family are frequent synonyms for the term extended family. In the most general sense of the term, an extended family may refer to all members of a kinship group.

114

Persons related through common descent¹ from the same progenitor² or ancestor² are called blood relatives³ or genetic relatives³ . The terms kin³ and in an aggregate sense kinship group³ are also used. The degree of relationship⁴ is generally computed by reference to the number of steps which are necessary before a common ancestor is reached, but there are many different methods of computation. The fundamental relation in each of these steps is the filial relation⁵ (cf. 112-6* and 112-7*) of child to parent, which is the reciprocal of parenthood⁶ (112-2*) i.e. the relation of a couple or of a father or a mother to offspring⁷ or progeny⁷ . Blood relationship must be distinguished from relationship by marriage⁸, which marriage establishes between one spouse and the kin of the other..

• 1. Descent, n. - descendant, n.: one linked through descent
• 2. Ancestor, n. - ancestral, adj.
• 3. Relative, n. - related, adj. - relationship, n.: the state of being related. The term relative is used for persons related by blood or marriage.
  Kin, n. and adj. - kinship, n.: the state of being kin. Relatives is sometimes also used for the collection of all kin.
• 7. Progeny, n.: this term may also be used for all of the descendants of a common ancestor.
• 8. In certain countries persons related by marriage may be referred to as in-laws.

115

The family¹ (cf. 112-1) as a unit in demographic studies representing all or part of a household (110-3) needs to be specifically defined, and definitions for different purposes may vary. A statistical family¹ or census family¹ generally consists of all members qf a household who are related through blood, adoption or marriage. A household may, or may not include a family. A statistical family cannot comprise more than one household, although a household may include more than one family. In some countries the definition of a statistical family may approximate to the biological family (113-1); in others the definition may be based on the family nucleus² consisting of either a married couple without children, a married couple with one or more never-married children or one parent with one or more never-married children. These may either form the census family itself or be the core of such a family. Married couples living with their children are called 틀:NewTextTerm. A 틀:NewTextTerm is one in which one of the parents has been lost by death, divorce or desertion.}} Families where one parent, separated or widowed, lives with her children may be also be named 틀:NewTextTerm. Married couples, widowed or separated people who, at the time of the declaration, have no more children living in the household, may have special name, like in Germany, 틀:NewTextTerm. When these types of families are living within a household, they are called 틀:NewTextTerm.

• 1. In the United States of America, a sub-family is a married couple with or without children, or a parent with one or more never-married children, under 18 years of age, living as members of a household and related to but not including the head of the household and his wife. In Great Britain, the primary family unit consists of parents and their children, the parents' sibs and ancestors.

116

인구 관련 문헌에 따르면, 세대¹라는 용어는 엄격한 의미로 특정기간에 태어난 사람들의 집단을 의미한다.코호트²는 특정 기간에 같은 사건을 경험한 사람들의 집단을 말한다: 출생코호트는 세대와 동의어116-1이다, 결혼코호트는 정의된 시기내에 결혼한 사람들의 집단을 말한다. 인구학에서는 계보학과 마찬가지로 세대³라는 단어를 may also be used to denote the descendants of a group of persons who are themselves a generation in the sense of 116-1. Thus the children of a group of migrants are often referred to as the 틀:NewTextTerm. Occasionally we also use the expression third or fourth generation. Generations can be qualified according to their current age and, for example, the 틀:NewTextTerm, the 틀:NewTextTerm or the 틀:NewTextTerm and the 틀:NewTextTerm while the age limits are often vague and therefore require clarification. Cohorts of people born during historical periods related to low birth rates (respectively high) can be referred as 틀:NewTextTerm (respectively 틀:NewTextTerm). Occasionally consideration is restricted to lines of descent through one sex only, thus a male generation⁴ or paternal generation⁴ are the sons of a generation of males, a female generation⁵ or maternal generation⁵ the daughters of a generation of females. These distinctions are normally used when the length of a generation or mean interval between successive generations is calculated. (cf. 713-1).

• 2. Cohort, n.: the term cohort analysis is used to denote a method of analyzing data, in which the experience of individual cohorts is studied throughout their lives, or other specified periods.
  For purposes of military service the number of men who become liable to conscription in a given year is sometimes called the class of that year. In the United States the same term is used for a group of students who complete their studies at a particular school or university in a particular year.
• 11. Because of the depletion of births during the first World war, particularly in France, the French term "classes creuses" is sometimes used in the literature.