다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

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110

인구학에서 사용되는 기본적인 통계 단위(statistical unit)¹는 개인(individual)² 또는 사람(person)²이다 . 머릿수²라는 용어(예를 들어 per head, head count라는 사용법처럼)도 한 때 사용되었으나, 현재는 그다지 사용되지 않고 있다. 가구(household)³는 함께 거주하는 개인들로 구성된 사회경제적 단위를 의미한다. 국제 표준으로 권고된 정의에 따르면, 가구는 동일한 주거지 (120-1)에서 주요 식사를 함께하는 사람들의 모임을 말한다. 과거에는 영어식 표현에서 household라는 용어 대신 집에서 함께 불을 나눈다는 의미로 난로(hearth)³라는 용어도 사용되었다. 가구의 분류는 국가마다 조사마다 다르다. 대부분의 분류는 일반가구(private household)⁴와 집합가구(collective household)⁵의 두 종류로 나누는 것이 일반적이다 . 혼자 살고 있는 가구는 1인 가구⁶로 불린다. 하숙인⁷은 가구의 다른 성원과 혈연 인척 관계를 가지지 않고, 평상시 식사를 세대원과 함께 하는 사람들인데, 가정부와는 구별된다. 한편 셋방사람(lodger 또는 roomer)⁸ 은 하숙인과 비슷하지만, 식사는 따로 하는 사람들이다. 이 두 집단은 통계 목적에 따라 세대원에 포함하기도 포함하지 않기도 한다.

• 4. 일반가구에서 그 성원이 서로 혈연-인척 관계에 있는 경우 친족 가구(family household)라고 부른다.
• 5. 집합가구는 병원이나 교도소 등과 같이 특정 목적에 의해 사람들이 거주지와 식사를 공유하는 시설가구(institutional households) 를 포함한다. 또한 공동거주주택(예를 들어 기숙사, 사회시설)에서 함께 살고 있지만 서로 혈연-인척 관계가 없는 사람들도 여기에 포함된다. 다만, 최근 국제적으로 권고된 정의에 따르면, 가구 및 가구인구(household population) 는 일반가구에 한정되며 그 이외의 경우는 가구를 구성하지 않는 것으로 간주된다.

111

일반가구 (110-4)는 가구원 혹은 세대원(members of the household)¹ 이라는 몇 명의 사람들도 구성되고, 세대원 중 한 사람이 가구주(head of the household)²이다. 국제적으로 보면, 가구원 가운데 가구주가 누구여야 하는가에 대해 일치된 정의는 없다. 일부 국가는 가구원 중 주요 소득자³를 가구주로 간주한다. 대부분의 센서스 질문표에서는 가구원의 가구주에 대한 친인척관계⁴ (114-3*)를 확인하는데, 이를 통해 두 개 이상의 생물학적 가족 또는 핵가족 (113-1의 성원으로 구성된 합성가구(composite households)⁵ 또는 복합가구(complex households)⁵ 를 식별할 수 있다. 합성가구 또는 복합가구는 1차 핵⁷ 과 2차 핵⁸같은 몇몇 핵⁶으로 나눠진다. 이러한 핵은 일반적으로 가족(family) (112-1)으로 불린다. 가구 규모¹¹ 는 가구에 포함된 가구원의 수를 가리킨다.

• 2. 가구 대표자 라는 말은 종종 세대주(headship) 의 동의어로 사용된다. 한편 세대주비율(headship ratio)이라는 용어도 사용되는데, 이것은 연령, 성(sex) 또는 다른 특성들을 그에 상응하는 카테고리의 인구수로 나눈 몫을 의미한다.
• 6. 가족 핵은 부부가족단위(conjugal family unit)라고도 한다.

112

The family¹ (cf. § 113 and § 115) is a different unit which must be carefully distinguished from the household (110-3). It is defined primarily by reference to relationships which pertain to or arise from marriage, reproduction or adoption, all of which are regulated by law or custom. The fundamental relationships are those established between a couple by marriage — and that existing between a couple as parents², i.e., father³ and mother⁴, and their children⁵, i.e., sons⁶ and daughters⁷ .

• 2. Parent, n. - parental, adj. - parenthood, n.: the state of being or becoming a parent.
• 3. Father, n. - paternal, adj.
• 4. Mother, n. - maternal, adj.
• 6. Son, n. - filial, adj.
• 7. Daughter, n. - filial, adj.

113

Parents and their children are sometimes referred to as the biological family¹, or nuclear family¹ . Brothers² and sisters³, without distinction of sex are called sibs⁴ or siblings⁴ . Siblings with only one parent in common are called half-brothers⁵ or half-sisters⁶. Extended families⁷ are larger family units generally composed of combinations of nuclear families. The 틀:NewTextTerm consists of three or more generations living in the same household or very close to each other. The 틀:NewTextTerm involves siblings with their spouses and their children living together. The vertically extended family can generate special types such as the 틀:NewTextTerm in which only the heir and his family may continue to reside with their parents.

• 1. The term simple family and elementary family are frequent synonyms for the terms biological or nuclear family. In a restricted sense, such as in fertility analyses, the term biological family may refer to parents and their own children, excluding adopted children.
• 7. The terms composite family and joint family are frequent synonyms for the term extended family. In the most general sense of the term, an extended family may refer to all members of a kinship group.

114

Persons related through common descent¹ from the same progenitor² or ancestor² are called blood relatives³ or genetic relatives³ . The terms kin³ and in an aggregate sense kinship group³ are also used. The degree of relationship⁴ is generally computed by reference to the number of steps which are necessary before a common ancestor is reached, but there are many different methods of computation. The fundamental relation in each of these steps is the filial relation⁵ (cf. 112-6* and 112-7*) of child to parent, which is the reciprocal of parenthood⁶ (112-2*) i.e. the relation of a couple or of a father or a mother to offspring⁷ or progeny⁷ . Blood relationship must be distinguished from relationship by marriage⁸, which marriage establishes between one spouse and the kin of the other..

• 1. Descent, n. - descendant, n.: one linked through descent
• 2. Ancestor, n. - ancestral, adj.
• 3. Relative, n. - related, adj. - relationship, n.: the state of being related. The term relative is used for persons related by blood or marriage.
  Kin, n. and adj. - kinship, n.: the state of being kin. Relatives is sometimes also used for the collection of all kin.
• 7. Progeny, n.: this term may also be used for all of the descendants of a common ancestor.
• 8. In certain countries persons related by marriage may be referred to as in-laws.

115

The family¹ (cf. 112-1) as a unit in demographic studies representing all or part of a household (110-3) needs to be specifically defined, and definitions for different purposes may vary. A statistical family¹ or census family¹ generally consists of all members qf a household who are related through blood, adoption or marriage. A household may, or may not include a family. A statistical family cannot comprise more than one household, although a household may include more than one family. In some countries the definition of a statistical family may approximate to the biological family (113-1); in others the definition may be based on the family nucleus² consisting of either a married couple without children, a married couple with one or more never-married children or one parent with one or more never-married children. These may either form the census family itself or be the core of such a family. Married couples living with their children are called 틀:NewTextTerm. A 틀:NewTextTerm is one in which one of the parents has been lost by death, divorce or desertion.}} Families where one parent, separated or widowed, lives with her children may be also be named 틀:NewTextTerm. Married couples, widowed or separated people who, at the time of the declaration, have no more children living in the household, may have special name, like in Germany, 틀:NewTextTerm. When these types of families are living within a household, they are called 틀:NewTextTerm.

• 1. In the United States of America, a sub-family is a married couple with or without children, or a parent with one or more never-married children, under 18 years of age, living as members of a household and related to but not including the head of the household and his wife. In Great Britain, the primary family unit consists of parents and their children, the parents' sibs and ancestors.

116

인구 관련 문헌에 따르면, 세대¹라는 용어는 엄격한 의미로 특정기간에 태어난 사람들의 집단을 의미한다.코호트²는 특정 기간에 같은 사건을 경험한 사람들의 집단을 말한다: 출생코호트는 세대와 동의어116-1이다, 결혼코호트는 정의된 시기내에 결혼한 사람들의 집단을 말한다. 인구학에서는 계보학과 마찬가지로 세대³라는 단어를 may also be used to denote the descendants of a group of persons who are themselves a generation in the sense of 116-1. Thus the children of a group of migrants are often referred to as the second generation⁹. Occasionally we also use the expression third or fourth generation. Generations can be qualified according to their current age and, for example, the young and rising generation⁶, the middle-aged generation⁷ or the generation in the prime of life⁷ and the older generation⁸ while the age limits are often vague and therefore require clarification. Cohorts of people born during historical periods related to low birth rates (respectively high) can be referred as low-birth-rate cohorts¹¹ (respectively high-birth-rate cohorts¹⁰). Occasionally consideration is restricted to lines of descent through one sex only, thus a male generation⁴ or paternal generation⁴ are the sons of a generation of males, a female generation⁵ or maternal generation⁵ the daughters of a generation of females. These distinctions are normally used when the length of a generation or mean interval between successive generations is calculated. (cf. 713-1).

• 2. Cohort, n.: the term cohort analysis is used to denote a method of analyzing data, in which the experience of individual cohorts is studied throughout their lives, or other specified periods.
  For purposes of military service the number of men who become liable to conscription in a given year is sometimes called the class of that year. In the United States the same term is used for a group of students who complete their studies at a particular school or university in a particular year.
• 11. Because of the depletion of births during the first World war, particularly in France, the French term "classes creuses" is sometimes used in the literature.