다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

주 의 보고계신 다국어인구학사전은 현재 작업 중에 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 토론부분에서 확인해주세요.

130

The terms population statistics¹ or demographic statistics¹ refer to numerical data² about populations, which are based on observations³ . After such observations have been collected⁴ on appropriate forms (206-1), the documents are edited⁵ and verified⁵ to eliminate obvious inconsistencies. The data are tabulated⁶ into certain groups⁷ or classes⁸ with common characteristics. Data processing⁹ includes all the steps between collecting and statistical analysis¹⁰ (132-1).

• 1. Statistics, n. - statistical, adj. - statistician, n.: specialist in statistics.
• 4. Collect, v. - collection, n.
• 5. Edit, v. - editing, n. Verify, v. - verification, n.
• 6. Tabulate, v. - tabulation, n.
• 9. Process, v. - processing, n.

131

Data are usually referred to as raw data¹ or crude data¹ prior to their processing and tabulation and basic data¹ or primary data¹ after processing and tabulation. Basic data usually consist of series² of absolute numbers³ which are put together in the form of statistical tables⁴ . In such tables the data are generally classified with respect to certain variables⁵ or variates⁵ such as age, number of children, etc., or with respect to certain attributes⁶ or characteristics⁶ (i.e. sex, marital status, etc.). Where data are classified with respect to several variables or attributes simultaneously the tables are called cross-tabulations⁷ or contingency tables⁷ . Summary tables⁸ give information in less detail than do individual tables⁹ .

• 1. When the data relate to individuals (110-2) as their unit of analysis they may be referred to as micro-data. Aggregate data or macro-data relate to a unit of analysis other than an individual, for example, a nation or an administrative unit within a nation. Micro-data can be derived from several sources such as a field survey (203-5) or a sample of vital registration records. A new source of micro-data is the census public use sample, which is a systematic or a random sample of census returns that is made available for analytical purposes to interested individuals.
• 7. A table which presents the distribution of a single variable or attribute within a population is generally called a frequency table.

132

Using the basic data generally involves two phases. Analysis¹ aims at isolating the components of the observed numbers (size, structure, extraneous factors and the phenomenon under investigation); synthesis² is the process of recombining the disaggregated components in various ways. Either phase involves the calculation³ or computation³ of indices⁴ which may be denoted by various names (cf. § 133). In contrast to the basic data, these indices are referred to as results⁶ or synthetic indices⁵. In a more restricted sense an index⁷ (pl. indexes or indices) or index number⁷ is a ratio showing the value of a given quantity relative to a base⁸, which is usually taken as 100. Some indices are good indicators⁹ of a complex situation; thus the infant mortality rate is sometimes used as an indicator of the health status of a population.

• 1. Analysis, n. - analytical, adj. - analyze, v.
• 2. Calculate, b. - calculation, n. - calculator, n.: a machine with minimal to modest data storage capabilities designed to facilitate a modest amount of arithmetic and statistical calculating.
  Compute, v. - computation, n. - computer, n.: a machine system designed to effect the transmission, storage and calculations of large data sets; it permits arithmetic and statistical calculations as well as logical processing of data. In a dated sense, the terms calculator and computer were used to designate the person(s) engaged in the computations.

133

One of the first stages of analysis (132-1) consists of relating the population totals or number of events to other totals or numbers. The resulting indices are given various names. A ratio⁶, also used for various purposes, is the quotient obtained by dividing quantities of the same kind. When the dividend and divisor belong to the same kind but different categories (men and women, children and women, different age-groups, for example) an other terminology might be used in non English languages, relating both quantities with a specific ratio¹ (like a sex ratio). A proportion² is a ratio which indicates the relation in magnitude of a part to the whole. A percentage³ is a proportion expressed per hundred. A rate⁴ is a special type of ratio used to indicate the relative frequency⁵ of the occurrence of a particular event within a population or a sub-population in a specified period of time, usually one year. Although this usage is recommended, the term has steadily acquired a wider meaning and is often incorrectly used as a synonym for ratio (e.g. labor force participation rate, which is actually a proportion).

• 2. Proportion, n. - proportional, adj.
• 4. Rates are generally given per thousand, and where the term "rate" is used without additional qualification "per thousand" is generally understood. Some rates, however, are given per ten thousand, per one hundred thousand, or per million e.g. cause-specific death rates (421-10). On other occasions rates may be given per person or per hundred. The word "rate" is sometimes omitted, thus one may find the expression "a mortality of ten per thousand," but this is not recommended.
• 6. The total fertility rate (TFR) is the sum of age-specific fertility rates (cf 633-9) over the age reproductive period and thus lost its inverse temporal dimension (per year). The difference is as important as between length and surface or velocity and acceleration. The term synthetic index (cf 132-5) is preferred in some languages to avoid the confusion with the inverse temporal dimension (per year) of a rate: number of demographic events divided by the time exposure or person-years. If used, the term rate in the expression total fertility rate refers to the implicit per woman, which is not enough to qualify as a rate but enough for a dimensionless ratio.

134

The relative frequency (133-5) of a non-renewable event is often regarded as an empirical measure of the probability¹ of occurrence of that event. This presumes that all the individuals who appear in the denominator have been exposed to risk³ in some way, i.e. there must have been a chance² or risk² that the event in question could happen to them. The use of the term "risk" does not imply that the event in question is in any way unwanted; thus the term "risk of marriage" is used. The population is often divided into different sub-groups, in which the risk of the event in question is less variable between individuals than in the population as a whole; the subgroup is more homogeneous⁴ with respect to the risk than the relatively heterogeneous⁵ whole population. Rates calculated for such subgroups are called specific rates⁶ as opposed to crude rates (136-8) which apply to the population as a whole. General rates⁷ sometimes involve an age restriction, as in the instance of general fertility rates (633-7).

• 1. Probability, n. - probable, adj.
• 4. Homogeneous, adj. - homogeneity, n.
• 5. Heterogeneous, adj. - heterogeneity, n.

135

Age-specific rates¹ are computed for single years of age or for age groups (age-group specific rate² or age group-specific rate²). Duration-specific rates³ take into account the time elapsed since a baseline event⁴ or event-origin⁴ such as marriage or a previous birth. Central rates¹⁰ are obtained by dividing the number of events during a year, or some other period (often five years) either by the average population⁶ or mid-year population⁶ or by the number of person-years⁷ of exposure to the event in question during that year or period; the number of person-years is the sum, expressed in years, of the exposure time for all individuals in the observed group, over the year or period. The term rate is often used also for another type of measure, obtained by dividing the number of non-renewable events in a year or a period of years by the size of the cohort considered at the beginning of the year or period; this peasure is sometimes called an attrition probability⁵ or more simply a probability⁵, and contrasted with the central rate, defined earlier. In this paragraph, the word "period" has referred to a length of time. In the expression period rates⁸, however, the word is used in its chronological meaning and refers to a specific calendar year or group of years; it is opposed to cohort rate⁹ or generation rate⁹.

• 5. The word quotient, used in French for this type of rate, has sometimes been used in English.

136

Data are called provisional¹ if they are based on incomplete or insufficiently controlled observations. They are replaced by final² data when the observations are complete. Rates based on such data are called provisional rates³ and final rates⁴ respectively. Where information becomes available after figures have already been published, revised rates⁵ may be issued. The expression corrected rate⁶ usually implies that defective data or inappropriate methods have yielded results which are either misleading or of limited value for the purpose in hand and that an effort has been made to correct this, e.g., correction for underenumeration, correction for migration, correction for seasonal movement. Standardized rates⁷ or adjusted rates⁷ are designed to make it possible to compare different populations with respect to a variable, e.g. fertility or mortality, where the influence of another variable e.g. age, is held constant. The term corrected rate⁷ has been used by some demographers as a synonym for standardized rate. When the data do not permit direct estimation of the rates (small population, for example), the use of 틀:NewTextTerm (cf. 403-6 for example) computed from data of good quality and applied to the real population, provides an indirect estimation of the expected number of events which can be compared with the observed number of events. Unstandardized rates are called crude rates⁸. Although they may be used to measure actual trends, false inferences may result from their uncritical use when populations with different structures (144-4) are compared.

137

Demographic indices (132-7) will in most cases relate to a particular period of observation¹ ; this is true in particular of most rates (cf. 133-4). An annual rate² will relate to a period of twelve months. Where observations are collected for a number of years and then averaged, the term mean annual rate³ or average annual rate³ is often used for the result. Where rates are calculated for periods different from a year they are converted to an annual basis⁴ through multiplication by an appropriate factor. Instantaneous rates⁵ are sometimes computed; they relate to an infinitesimal period of time, cf. for instance the instantaneous death rate (431-4) or the instantaneous rate of population growth (702-5).

138

The primary objective of cohort analysis (103-4) is the study of the intensity¹ and tempo² or timing² of demographic phenomena. The intensity of a phenomenon initiated by one non-renewable event (201-4) may be measured by either the ultimate frequency³ of occurrence for the given event or by its complement. The ultimate frequency reflects the proportion of persons who would have experienced the event, in the absence of extraneous influences, during the existence of the cohort (116-2). The intensity of a phenomenon initiated by a renewable event (201-5) such as births or migratory moves, can be measured by the mean number of events⁴ per person in the cohort, also in the absence of extraneous influences. Tempo or timing may be defined as the distribution over time within the cohort of the demographic events corresponding to the investigated phenomenon. The results of cross-sectional analysis or period analysis (103-5) are summarized by period measures⁵ — as opposed to cohort measures⁶ — which can be constructed in various fashions. A commonly used technique consists in attributing the observed rates pertaining to various ages or durations to a hypothetical cohort⁷ or synthetic cohort⁷ .

• 3. This ultimate frequency or its complement has received various names according to the phenomenon studied: parity progression ratio (637-7), frequency of definitive celibacy (521-1) ... It is best not to use the word proportion as part of these names, and to reserve it for observed proportions. For instance, the frequency of definitive celibacy must be kept distinct from the proportion single at a given age, as recorded in a census.
• 4. It is not unusual to give the same name to the observed mean number of events per person, and to the number that would have been observed in the absence of extraneous influences such as mortality. Distinct phrases should be used; for instance, the number of children ever born (637-2) can be distinguished from cumulative fertility (636-2).
• 5. Because cross-sectional analysis and hypothetical cohorts were used before genuine cohort analysis, the names of period indices often seem to imply that they refer to a cohort. This usage may lead to apparent contradictions. For example, parity-specific birth probabilities may exceed one for certain years when many postponed births are made up.