다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

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130

인구 통계(population statistics) ¹란 용어는 인구에 대한 관측 값을 바탕으로 한수치자료² 를 참조한 것으로 적합한형식 (206-1)에 의해관측³값이 수집⁴된 후 불일치를 제거하기 위해 자료를 편집⁵하고 검증⁵한다. 데이터는 공통적인 특성을 가진 특정집단⁷ 이나계급⁸을 표⁶로 만든다. 데이터 처리⁹는 수집에서 통계분석¹⁰ (132-1)에 이르는 모든 단계를 포함한다.

• 1. 통계, 명. - 통계적인, 형. - 통계학자, 명.: 통계전문가.
• 4. 수집하다, 동. - 수집, 명.
• 5. 편집하다, 동. - 편집, 명. 검증하다, 동. - 검증, 명.
• 6. 제표하다, 동. - 제표, 명.
• 9. 처리하다, 동. - 처리, 명.

131

데이터는 일반적으로 원자료¹ 또는 가공되지 않은 자료¹를처리 하고도표화하기 이전에 기초자료¹ 와 주요한 자료¹를 처리하고 도표화한 후 참조한다. 기초데이터는 보통 통계표⁴의 형태로 합계한 일련²의절대수³로 구성된다. . 이러한 표의 자료는 일반적으로 나이와 자녀 후 등 특정변수⁵ 또는 변량⁵으로 분류되거나 특정한속성⁶ 또는 특성⁶ (i.e. 성, 배우자 관계 등)에 의해 분류 되기도 한다. 데이터가 어떤 변수 내지 속성에 대해 동시에 분류 될 수 있도록 교차표⁷나분할표⁷라고 불린다 . 요약표⁸는개별표⁹보다 간단한 정보를 제공한다 .

• 1. 데이터의 분석 단위가개인 (110-2)에 관한 경우, 그것은 마이크로 데이터 micro-data를 참조한다. 집계 데이터 또는 매크로 데이터는 국가와 한 국내의 행정 단위 등 개인 이외의 분석 단위에 관한 것이다. 마이크로 데이터는 현장 조사 (203-5) 및 인구 동태 명부 표본에서 파생된다. 마이크로 데이터의 새로운 이용원으로 센서스 공공 이용 표본이 있는데 이것은 관심을 가지는 사용자의 분석목적에 맞는 센서스의 개표에서 계통추출 내지는 무작위 표본이다.
• 7. 모집단 내에서 단일 변수 내지 특성 분포를 나타낸 것으로 빈도표에는 일반적으로 도수가 표시되어 있다.

132

기초 데이터 이용은 일반적으로 두 양상을 띠고 있다.분석¹ 은 관측 값의 구성 요소 (규모, 구조, 외부 요인, 연구 대상의 현상)을 분리하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 종합²은 다양한 방법으로 분리 된 구성 요소를 다시 결합하는 과정이다. 다양한 명칭으로 불리는 지표⁴의계산³ (참조. § 133)도 포함된다. 기초 데이터와는 대조적으로, 이 지표는 계산결과⁶라고 불린다.더 제한된 의미에서의지표⁷틀:OtherIndexEntry=indices) 나지수⁷기준치⁵에 대한 특정 수량의 값을 나타내는 비율이다. is a ratio showing the value of a given quantity relative to a base⁸, which is usually taken as 100. Some indices are good 척도⁹ of a complex situation; thus the infant mortality rate is sometimes used as an indicator of the health status of a population.

• 1. 분석, 명. - 분석의, 형. - 분석하다, 동.
• 2. 계산하다, 동. - 계싼, 명. - 계산기, 명.: 소량산술이나 통계연산을 쉽게 하기 위해 만들어진 최소한 내지 소량의 데이터 저장 능력을 갖춘 기계.
  계산하다, 동. - 계산, 명. - 전산기, 명. 대규모 데이터 세트 전송, 저장, 연산을 수행 할 수 있도록 만들어진 기계 시스템, 연산, 통계 연산 외에 데이터의 논리적 처리도 가능하게 한다. calculator 과 computer 란 용어는 계산처리하는 업무에 종사하는 사람을 가리키는 데 사용되었다.

133

One of the first stages of analysis (132-1) consists of relating the population totals or number of events to other totals or numbers. The resulting indices are given various names. A ratio⁶, also used for various purposes, is the quotient obtained by dividing quantities of the same kind. When the dividend and divisor belong to the same kind but different categories (men and women, children and women, different age-groups, for example) an other terminology might be used in non English languages, relating both quantities with a specific ratio¹ (like a sex ratio). A proportion² is a ratio which indicates the relation in magnitude of a part to the whole. A percentage³ is a proportion expressed per hundred. A rate⁴ is a special type of ratio used to indicate the relative frequency⁵ of the occurrence of a particular event within a population or a sub-population in a specified period of time, usually one year. Although this usage is recommended, the term has steadily acquired a wider meaning and is often incorrectly used as a synonym for ratio (e.g. labor force participation rate, which is actually a proportion).

• 2. Proportion, n. - proportional, adj.
• 4. Rates are generally given per thousand, and where the term "rate" is used without additional qualification "per thousand" is generally understood. Some rates, however, are given per ten thousand, per one hundred thousand, or per million e.g. cause-specific death rates (421-10). On other occasions rates may be given per person or per hundred. The word "rate" is sometimes omitted, thus one may find the expression "a mortality of ten per thousand," but this is not recommended.
• 6. The total fertility rate (TFR) is the sum of age-specific fertility rates (cf 633-9) over the age reproductive period and thus lost its inverse temporal dimension (per year). The difference is as important as between length and surface or velocity and acceleration. The term synthetic index (cf 132-5) is preferred in some languages to avoid the confusion with the inverse temporal dimension (per year) of a rate: number of demographic events divided by the time exposure or person-years. If used, the term rate in the expression total fertility rate refers to the implicit per woman, which is not enough to qualify as a rate but enough for a dimensionless ratio.

134

The relative frequency (133-5) of a non-renewable event is often regarded as an empirical measure of the probability¹ of occurrence of that event. This presumes that all the individuals who appear in the denominator have been exposed to risk³ in some way, i.e. there must have been a chance² or risk² that the event in question could happen to them. The use of the term "risk" does not imply that the event in question is in any way unwanted; thus the term "risk of marriage" is used. The population is often divided into different sub-groups, in which the risk of the event in question is less variable between individuals than in the population as a whole; the subgroup is more homogeneous⁴ with respect to the risk than the relatively heterogeneous⁵ whole population. Rates calculated for such subgroups are called specific rates⁶ as opposed to crude rates (136-8) which apply to the population as a whole. General rates⁷ sometimes involve an age restriction, as in the instance of general fertility rates (633-7).

• 1. Probability, n. - probable, adj.
• 4. Homogeneous, adj. - homogeneity, n.
• 5. Heterogeneous, adj. - heterogeneity, n.

135

Age-specific rates¹ are computed for single years of age or for age groups (age-group specific rate² or age group-specific rate²). Duration-specific rates³ take into account the time elapsed since a baseline event⁴ or event-origin⁴ such as marriage or a previous birth. Central rates¹⁰ are obtained by dividing the number of events during a year, or some other period (often five years) either by the average population⁶ or mid-year population⁶ or by the number of person-years⁷ of exposure to the event in question during that year or period; the number of person-years is the sum, expressed in years, of the exposure time for all individuals in the observed group, over the year or period. The term rate is often used also for another type of measure, obtained by dividing the number of non-renewable events in a year or a period of years by the size of the cohort considered at the beginning of the year or period; this peasure is sometimes called an attrition probability⁵ or more simply a probability⁵, and contrasted with the central rate, defined earlier. In this paragraph, the word "period" has referred to a length of time. In the expression period rates⁸, however, the word is used in its chronological meaning and refers to a specific calendar year or group of years; it is opposed to cohort rate⁹ or generation rate⁹.

• 5. The word quotient, used in French for this type of rate, has sometimes been used in English.

136

Data are called provisional¹ if they are based on incomplete or insufficiently controlled observations. They are replaced by final² data when the observations are complete. Rates based on such data are called provisional rates³ and final rates⁴ respectively. Where information becomes available after figures have already been published, revised rates⁵ may be issued. The expression corrected rate⁶ usually implies that defective data or inappropriate methods have yielded results which are either misleading or of limited value for the purpose in hand and that an effort has been made to correct this, e.g., correction for underenumeration, correction for migration, correction for seasonal movement. Standardized rates⁷ or adjusted rates⁷ are designed to make it possible to compare different populations with respect to a variable, e.g. fertility or mortality, where the influence of another variable e.g. age, is held constant. The term corrected rate⁷ has been used by some demographers as a synonym for standardized rate. When the data do not permit direct estimation of the rates (small population, for example), the use of standard rates⁹ (cf. 403-6 for example) computed from data of good quality and applied to the real population, provides an indirect estimation of the expected number of events which can be compared with the observed number of events. Unstandardized rates are called crude rates⁸. Although they may be used to measure actual trends, false inferences may result from their uncritical use when populations with different structures (144-4) are compared.

137

Demographic indices (132-7) will in most cases relate to a particular period of observation¹ ; this is true in particular of most rates (cf. 133-4). An annual rate² will relate to a period of twelve months. Where observations are collected for a number of years and then averaged, the term mean annual rate³ or average annual rate³ is often used for the result. Where rates are calculated for periods different from a year they are converted to an annual basis⁴ through multiplication by an appropriate factor. Instantaneous rates⁵ are sometimes computed; they relate to an infinitesimal period of time, cf. for instance the instantaneous death rate (431-4) or the instantaneous rate of population growth (702-5).

138

The primary objective of cohort analysis (103-4) is the study of the intensity¹ and tempo² or timing² of demographic phenomena. The intensity of a phenomenon initiated by one non-renewable event (201-4) may be measured by either the ultimate frequency³ of occurrence for the given event or by its complement. The ultimate frequency reflects the proportion of persons who would have experienced the event, in the absence of extraneous influences, during the existence of the cohort (116-2). The intensity of a phenomenon initiated by a renewable event (201-5) such as births or migratory moves, can be measured by the mean number of events⁴ per person in the cohort, also in the absence of extraneous influences. Tempo or timing may be defined as the distribution over time within the cohort of the demographic events corresponding to the investigated phenomenon. The results of cross-sectional analysis or period analysis (103-5) are summarized by period measures⁵ — as opposed to cohort measures⁶ — which can be constructed in various fashions. A commonly used technique consists in attributing the observed rates pertaining to various ages or durations to a hypothetical cohort⁷ or synthetic cohort⁷ .

• 3. This ultimate frequency or its complement has received various names according to the phenomenon studied: parity progression ratio (637-7), frequency of definitive celibacy (521-1) ... It is best not to use the word proportion as part of these names, and to reserve it for observed proportions. For instance, the frequency of definitive celibacy must be kept distinct from the proportion single at a given age, as recorded in a census.
• 4. It is not unusual to give the same name to the observed mean number of events per person, and to the number that would have been observed in the absence of extraneous influences such as mortality. Distinct phrases should be used; for instance, the number of children ever born (637-2) can be distinguished from cumulative fertility (636-2).
• 5. Because cross-sectional analysis and hypothetical cohorts were used before genuine cohort analysis, the names of period indices often seem to imply that they refer to a cohort. This usage may lead to apparent contradictions. For example, parity-specific birth probabilities may exceed one for certain years when many postponed births are made up.