다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

주 의 보고계신 다국어인구학사전은 현재 작업 중에 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 토론부분에서 확인해주세요.

320

인구의 성 구조(sex structure)¹와 성 분포(sex distribution)¹는 총 인구 수에 대한 하나의 성² 비율로 측정되거나 이보다 더 흔하게는 다른 성의 수에 대한 비율로 측정되기도 한다. 관례적으로 남성을 대개 분자로 하며, 이는 인구의 남성도(masculinity)³를 의미한다.남성 비율⁴은 총 인구에 대한 남성의 비율이며, 성비⁵는 여성의 수에 대한 남성 수의 비율을 의미한다. 일반적으로 이것은 지수 값(132-7)으로써 즉, 여성 100명 당 남성의 수로써 나타낸다.

• 3. 때때로 비율의 분자는 여성 인구와 관련이 있으며, 인구의 여성도(feminity)가 측정된다.

321

인구학적으로는 어린이(323-3)를 포함한 모든 연령의 각 성별 인구를 가리키는 남자¹와 여자²라는 표현 대신에, 남성(males)¹과 여성(females)²이라는 용어가 일반적으로 사용된다. 이와 마찬가지로 소년³과 소녀⁴ 대신에, 남자 아이³와 여자 아이⁴라는 용어가 사용된다.

322

Age¹ is another fundamental characteristic of population structure. Generally it is expressed in years, or years and months; in the case of very small children, it may be given in months and days, or in years and decimal fractions of years. Demographers usually truncate the age to the number of complete years² lived, and this is called age at last birthday³. Occasionally demographic statistics refer to the age reached during the year⁴. Where the fraction of the last complete year lived is counted as a whole year, as in some actuarial applications, we speak of age at next birthday⁵. Stated age⁶ or reported age⁶, in a census or vital registration, is often rounded upward to the next integer especially when the next birthday is near. The term exact age⁷ is used, particularly in life table calculations, to denote the time when an individual reaches his birthday. Census questions include either the date of birth, age at last birthday, or even simply age without further precision. When the knowledge of ages is not widespread, a historical calendar⁸ may be used to estimate ages. This is a list of events with a known date that occurred during the lifetime of the respondents.

• 2. Thus, age groups (325-2) are usually expressed in completed years and the group aged 6-13 years includes the individuals whose exact ages (322-7) are comprised between 6 and 14 years.

323

In demography, certain terms which have been taken from everyday language are used to denote different stages of life¹ or an approximate range of years. At the beginning of life comes childhood². In general a child³ is a person who has not yet attained puberty (620-2). In the very early days of life, the child is called newborn⁴. A 틀:NewTextTerm is a child who has not yet been weaned from its mother. The term infant⁶ may be used to denote a child who has not reached its first birthday, though in colloquial language it may be applied to slightly older children. Children who have not yet reached the compulsory school age are called pre-school children⁷, a school-age child⁸ is a child at an age at which it is customary to attend school.

• 6. Infant, n. - infancy, n.: the period of being an infant - infantile, adj.

324

Childhood is followed by adolescence¹ or youth¹ which starts at puberty < 620-2). The terms adolescents² or young persons³ are employed for men and women between childhood and adult age⁴. Those who have reached maturity⁴ are called adults⁵. Old age⁶ is frequently used to define the period of life during which most persons are retired. Persons above that age are called old people⁸, the aged⁸ or the elderly⁸.

• 3. The term youth is also employed collectively. When used in the singular, it more frequently refers to a male. In the United States of America, teenager refers to persons in their teens, i.e., between 13 and 19 years.
• 4. Maturity, n. - mature, adj. - maturation, n.: the process of growing to maturity.

325

The age distribution of a population is either given by individual years of age¹ or by age groups², which may be five-year age groups³, also called quinquennial age groups³, or broad age groups⁴, such as 0-19 years, 20-59 years, 60 years and over. Occasionally a population’s age distribution⁶ or age structure⁶ is given by classifying the population by year of birth⁵. Graphically an age distribution may be represented by a population pyramid⁷ which is a histogram (155-8) showing the population by age and sex and so named because of its pyramidal shape.

326

The mean age¹ of a population is the average age of all its members, the median age² is the age which divides the population into two numerically equal groups. When the proportion of old people in a population increases, we speak of the aging³ of the population. An increase in the proportion of young people involves a rejuvenation⁴ of the population. An old population⁵ has a high proportion of old people, a young population⁶ has a high proportion of young people or children. The term aging used above should not be confused with the technique used in population projection, which consists of aging⁷ a population by applying survival probabilities (431-6) by age to determine the number of survivors at a later date.

• 3. Also written ageing.
• 4. The word younging is used by American demographers.

327

Aging (326-3) of a population must also be distinguished from individual aging¹ or senescence¹, and from an increase in the duration of human life or increased longevity² which is the result of improved standards of living and of medical progress. An individual’s physiological age³ will depend on the state of his tissues and organs. In the case of children we speak of mental age⁴, which is defined as the age at which the attainments of the individual child as measured by certain tests can be performed by the average child. In studies of mental and physiological age, a distinction is made between these ages and chronological age measured by the time elapsed since the individual’s date of birth⁵. The ratio of mental to chronological age is called the intelligence quotient⁶ (often abbreviated to I.Q.).

• 1. Senescence, n. - senescent, adj.