다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

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340

인구는 일상적으로 이야기되는 언어(language)¹나 방언(dialect)²으로 분류 될 수 있다. 개인의 유년기에 집에서 쓰이는 모국어³와 개인이 보통 사용하는 일상언어⁴는 구별된다. 두 언어⁵ 또는 다국어⁵를 사용하는 사람들 사이에서는 이러한 구분이 쉽지 않다. 이러한 문제에 대한 정보를 제시해 주는 통계를 언어 통계⁶라 한다.

• 1. 언어, 명 - 언어(학)의, 형
  언어학, 명: 언어와 인간의 말의 특성, 구조, 기원, 의미를 연구하는 학문.}}
• 2. 방언, 명 - 방언의, 형: 방언은 발음, 문법 또는 어휘의 패턴이 표준어와 구별되는 언어이다.
• 5. 두 언어 병용의, 형 - 두 언어 병용, 명

341

종교 통계(Religious statistics)¹는 인구를 소속 종교로 분류하는 것이다. 주요 종교들²과 그들의 주요 교파³, 전례 의식⁴ 혹은 종파⁵는 일반적으로 구별된다. 종교가 없는 사람들을 무신론자⁶, 자유 사상가⁶ 또는 무신앙자⁶로 지칭할 수 있다.

• 4. 전례,(명) 는 종교 의식의 의미로도 사용된다.

342

The population is also often classified by educational status¹. ( Individuals who can read and write are called literate²; those who have reached a certain age and cannot are illiterate³. Often completion of a particular grade or level of schooling is assumed to confer literacy. Educational attainment statistics⁴ classify individuals by grade attainment⁵, years of school completed⁵ or, more rarely, by age at leaving school⁶. Another type of classification is based upon the diploma⁷, degree⁷ or certificate⁷ obtained, and depends on the organization of instruction⁸ in each country.

• 2. Literate, adj. - literacy, n. Literacy statistics are the part of education statistics that refer to the ability to read and write. The literacy ratio is the proportion of the population covered that is literate. Its complement is the illiteracy ratio.
• 3. Illiterate, adj. - illiteracy, n. A person who is able to read but not write may be called semi-literate, and such persons are sometimes classed with the literate and at other times with the illiterate population.
• 4. The school-age population (346-7) is often classifed by grade or level of enrollment, and attainment is then presented only for the population beyond normal school age.

343

The education system¹ includes all institutions, public and private providing instruction in a country. Where both types exist a distinction is made between public education² and private education³. After pre-school education⁴, it is usual to distinguish between three levels of education⁵ which are in ascending order: primary education⁶, secondary education⁷, itself often divided into several cycles⁸ or tracks⁸, and higher education⁹. The latter includes, among others, courses of study that lead to a university degree¹¹. Technical education¹² or vocational education¹² may be offered either at the secondary or higher education level.

344

Types of educational institutions¹ and their names are a function of each country’s particular educational system. Pre-school education (343-4) is offered in nursery schools² or kindergartens². The institutions that offer the three levels of education mentioned above (343-5) are usually called respectively: primary schools³ or elementary schools³, secondary schools⁴ and colleges⁵ or universities⁵; in addition to the latter, there may be various kinds of professional schools⁶.

• 5. The term college is used in a variety of senses; a university college is either an institution of higher learning which has not full university status, or it may be a constituent college of a university.

345

A class¹ (cf. 130-8) is a group of pupils² with the same teacher³ who meet in the same class-room⁴ and are generally instructed simultaneously. A group of pupils who are at the same level of educational advancement are said to be in the same grade⁵ in the United States of America, or in the same class⁵ or form⁵ (cf. 206-1), in Great Britain. The term student⁶ is generally used for those receiving higher education, but is also interchangeable with "pupil" at the secondary level.

• 2. A scholar in Britain is generally a pupil or student who has been given a scholarship from public or private funds; the use of the term as a synonym for pupil is archaic. In the United States of America such a student would be called a scholarship holder or scholarship student.
• 6. A university student who has not yet taken his first degree is an undergraduate. A graduate (cf. 151-1*) in Great Britain is the holder of a university degree; in the United States of America the term may be used for anyone completing his studies at the university, high school, or even primary school. In the U.S., a graduate student is one who is pursuing a second degree, the equivalent of a post-graduate student in the British system.

346

Current school statistics¹ may distinguish between the number of pupils enrolled² and the number of pupils in attendance³. A comparison of these two figures gives an attendance ratio⁴. Compulsory education⁵ implies the existence of a range of ages where school attendance is obligatory by law. This makes it possible to specify the number of children of school age⁶ or the school-age population⁷ according to a legal criterion.

• 4. The attendance ratio is the ratio of pupils in attendance to pupils enrolled, whereas the enrollment ratio is that of pupils enrolled to the school-age population.

347

Other statistics concern educational progression. An individual progresses normally grade by grade, from the lowest class of elementary school, to the end of his studies. Leaving school¹, where compulsory education is enforced, is exceptional during school age, barring illness or death. The dropout rate² is the probability of leaving school before obtaining a degree, either during the year or at the end of a grade, and it is constructed in the same way as a probability of dying in a life table; its complement to one is the retention rate³. Such rates can be used to compute a table of school life⁴, from which it is possible to infer the mean length of education⁵. At the end of the school year, pupils or students who do not terminate their studies, may either repeat the grade or move on to the next grade, with or without change of track⁶.