다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

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420

사망¹연구는 인구의 질병(disease)²과 질환(illness,sickness,ill-health)²을 다루는 것이다. 새로운 질병의 발생 건수³가 고려되는지, 특정 시점에서 질병의 건수가 존재하는 지에 따라 질병의 발생⁴과 질병의 유병⁵이라는 두 가지 측면이 고려된다. 사망 통계⁶의 측정은 건강과 병적 상태⁷간의 명확한 구별이 없기 때문에 어려움이 따른다. 질병 분류표⁸ 및 질병 분류학⁹은 각 질병의 분류와 기술에 이바지하고 있다.

• 2. 질병은 단수 집합 명사로 사용되며, 특정 만성 질병(ailments)을 나타내는 때는 단수, 복수가 모두 사용된다.

421

보건 통계(Health statistics)¹는 질병 통계와 동시에 인구의 모든 건강의 측면을 망라하여 일반적으로 사인별 사망률²의 통계도 포함한다. 사인³의 대부분은 단일 사인⁴에 의한 것이 아니라, 여러 사인⁵ 또는 복합 사인⁵에 의한 것이기 때문에 사인 별로 분류하는 것은 어려운 일이다. 이런 경우 직접적 사인⁶과 잠재적 사인⁷을 구별하고, 다른 관점에서 주요 사인⁸과 이차적 사인⁹ 또는 관련 사인⁹을 구분할 수 있다. 사인별 사망률¹⁰은 일반적으로 인구 10 만 명 당 사망률로 표현된다. 모든 원인에 의한 사망 수에서 차지하는 특정 사인으로 인한 사망 비율을 사인별 사망 비율¹¹이라 한다.

422

사망(death)이나 장애disability (426-2)는 질병 (420-2), injury상해¹, 중독²의 결과라고 할 수 있으며, 상해는 사고³나 폭력⁴때문일 수 있다. 폭력에 의한 것 중에서는 자살⁵과 자살 시도⁵, 살인⁶, 전쟁으로 인한 사망과 상해⁷를 구분하는 것이 보통이다.

• 3. 사고, 명 - 사고의, 형
• 4. 폭력, 명 - 폭력에 의한, 형
• 6. 살인, 명: 법적으로는 살인 또는 과실 치사가 사용된다.
• 7. 전사 및 전쟁 상해로 축약된다.

423

An endemic disease¹ is one that permanently affects substantial segments of a population, in contrast with an epidemic², which spreads and then disappears within a fairly short time; when it appears in a large number of countries, it is called a pandemic³. Certain infectious diseases⁴ or communicable diseases⁴ have attracted particular attention, because they are capable of infecting large numbers of persons within relatively short time intervals. In such instances we speak of epidemic diseases⁵, and special epidemiological statistics⁶ are collected to show their incidence. It is possible to obtain information about these illnesses in various countries because legislation has made their reporting compulsory; they are therefore called notifiable diseases⁷. A distinction is sometimes made between chronic diseases⁸ and acute diseases⁹. These terms are not precisely defined, but acute diseases are generally understood to be those of abrupt onset and short duration while chronic diseases are those with slow onset and long duration, and often causing prolonged disability.

• 2. Epidemic, n., also used as adj.
• 4. Infectious, adj. - infect, v. - infection, n. The terms communicable diseases, contagious diseases and infectious diseases are not synonymous. A contagious disease can only be transmitted from person to person; thus, malaria, a communicable disease, is not contagious. Moreover, certain infectious diseases are not communicable.
• 6. Epidemiology, n.: the science dealing with epidemics - epidemiologist, n.: a specialist in epidemiology - epidemiological, adj.: pertaining to epidemiology. The meaning of these terms has expanded greatly, and epidemiology now covers the study of relations between a biological or medical phenomenon and various factors, such as tobacco for example in "the epidemiology of lung cancer," or alternatively the statistical analysis of geographic variations in health phenomena.

424

Demographers devote particular attention to certain aspects of mortality: endogenous mortality¹ which results from the genetic constitution of the individual, congenital malformations², injuries connected with birth, or degenerative diseases associated with aging; exogenous mortality³, in contrast, results from external causes such as infectious or parasitic diseases and accidental injuries other than those incurred by the child during birth. Also of special interest are diseases connected with pregnancy, labor and the puerperium⁴. Mortality from these latter diseases is called maternal mortality⁵, and a maternal death rate⁶ may be computed as the ratio of maternal deaths in a year to the births of the same year. The proportion of deaths due to senility⁷ has mostly drawn interest as an index of poor reporting of causes of death.

1 and 3. Infant mortality (410-1) can thus be decomposed into endogenous infant mortality and exogenous infant mortality.

• 4. The puerperium is the lying-in period following a birth, and the mortality of mothers during the period is called puerperal mortality.
• 7. Senility n. - senile, adj.

425

Three aspects of morbidity (420-1) are commonly measured by morbidity rates¹ or morbidity ratios¹: frequency, duration and severity. These indices may be computed for specific diseases, or for all diseases. Two indices of the frequency of ill-health are the incidence rate², the number of new cases of disease during the period related to the average population, and the prevalence rate³, the number of cases existing at a given moment of time expressed per unit of the average population. Either the average duration per case⁴, or the disability rate⁵, which is the mean number of days of illness⁵ per person in the population, may serve as a measure of the duration of illness. The case fatality rate⁶, which is the proportion of fatal cases among the reported cases of the specified diseases, may be used as an index of severity.

• 6. This is said to measure the lethality of the disease.

426

An impairment¹ refers to any physical, functional or psychological defect, which results from illness, injury or congenital malformation. When an impairment inhibits an individual’s ability to work or participate in normal activities it is referred to as incapacity² or disability². This may be total or partial; in either case, permanent disability³ or infirmity⁴ refer to an irreversible condition. The probability that a healthy individual aged exactly x years will become disabled in the next year or over the course of some number of years starting with this exact age, is called the risk of disability⁵ or the probability of disability⁵. A series of these probabilities can be combined into a disability table⁶, which is a specialized extension of the life table (cf. §432).