다국어인구학사전, 두 번째 통합본, 한국어판

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601

인구학에서 출산력¹은 출산²이나 재생산²과 관련된 현상을 다룬다.출산력 대신에출생률¹으로 사용하는 경우도 있다. 이 용어들은 인구 및 부분인구의 출산³ 좀 더 명확하게 말하면 출생⁴의 발생빈도를 나타낸다.출산은 아이를 낳는 과정이다. 출생 또는 살아태어난 유아⁵의 출산은 산모로 부터 완전히 분리된 후 아이가 보여주는 생명의 징후, 호흡이나 심장박동에 의해 후기 태아 사망 (cf. 411-5)과는 구별된다. 유효출산력⁶은 후기 태아 사망이 전체 출산의 수에 포함되지 않고, 아이나 유아의 사망이 고려대상에서 제외되는 것을 말한다.조출산율⁶은 "아직 생존해있는" 출생 또는 후기 사망을 포함한 모든 출산을 의미한다. 차별출산력⁸은 인구 집단 간 출산력의 차이를 나타낸다.

• 1. 인구학에서의 출산력에 관해서는 § 623을 참고.
• 2. 재생산, 명. - 재생산하다, 동. - 재생산하는, 형. 재생산이라는 용어는 임신의 과정이나 생식이라기 보다 (§ 711과 같이) 출생과 사망의 균형을 의미하는 경우가 많다.
• 3. 현재 출산이라는 용어는 보통 출생을 의미한다.
• 4. 살아태어난, 형. 살아태어난 유아의 의미에서 명사로도 쓰인다.

602

Conception¹ results from the fertilization² of an ovum³ by a spermatozoon⁴ or sperm cell⁴ and marks the beginning of pregnancy⁵ or gestation⁵ for the impregnated woman. In the course of its development the product of conception⁶ is successively called an embryo⁷ and then a foetus⁷ — sometimes written as fetus⁷. The moment at which the embryo becomes a foetus is not precisely determined: certain scientists set it at the end of 12 weeks or three months of intra—uterine life, although successive developmental stages after the eighth week are often termed foetal. Nidation⁸ refers to the implantation of the egg in the wall of the uterus⁹ or womb⁹, a process which occurs a few days after fertilization.

• 1. Conception, n.- conceive, v.
• 2. Fertilization, n. - fertilize, v.
  Artificial fertilization: fertilization obtained by artificial insemination, i.e. by a process other than coitus (627-2).
• 3. A fertilized ovum is called an egg or zygote.
• 5. Pregnancy, n. - pregnant, adj.: gravid, expectant. Certain scientists consider that a pregnancy begins only at the time of nidation (602-8) of the egg.
• 7. Embryo, n. - embryonic, adj. - embryology, n.: the science dealing with the development of the embryo.
  Foetus or fetus, n. - foetal or fetal, adj. (cf. 411).
• 9. Uterus, n. - uterine, adj.

603

A foetus is said to be non-viable² during the first part of a pregnancy and viable¹ thereafter. The change occurs when the foetus becomes capable of independent existence outside its mother, which is commonly considered to take place when the period of gestation³ or duration of pregnancy³ has exceeded 28 weeks. If the pregnancy has lasted longer than this, the expulsion of the foetus (alive or dead) takes place during confinement⁴; an earlier explusion associated with an early foetal death is called an abortion⁵ (cf. § 604). The period of about six weeks after delivery (during which the uterus usually regains its normal size and in which the probability of conception is low) is called the puerperium⁶.

• 1. Viable, adj. - viability, n.
• 2. The minimum period determining viability varies between 20 and 28 weeks among countries, but the World Health Organization has recommended that 28 weeks be the standard time period. Generally the duration of pregnancy is computed from the onset of the last menses. This constitutes the conventional duration of pregnancy, as opposed to the true duration of pregnancy, computed from the time of conception.
• 4. The actual process of expulsion of the foetus is called delivery or parturition, which is the termination of labor. In addition to those, confinement includes expulsion or removal of the placenta or afterbirth.
• 5. Abortion, n. - abort, v.t. or v.i. - abortifacient, adj. used as n.: capable of inducing abortion. - abortionist, n.: a person who performs abortions. In everyday language, the term abortion often takes the meaning of induced abortion (604-2), as opposed to spontaneous abortion (604-1).
• 6. Puerperium, n. - puerperal, adj. (cf. 424-4).

604

Abortions following a non-induced infra-uterine death, which may have occurred some time before expulsion, are called spontaneous abortions¹ or miscarriages¹, in contrast to intentional abortions², or induced abortions². A therapeutic abortion³ is one undertaken for medical reasons. The laws of certain countries permit abortions for health or other reasons; these are legal abortions⁴. Abortions which are induced contrary to law are called illegal abortions⁵ or criminal abortions⁵. According to the technique used, there are abortions by curettage⁶, abortions by vacuum aspiration⁷, abortions by dilatation and evacuation⁷, hysterotomies⁸ (involving surgical cutting into the uterus), and abortions by medical induction procedures⁹.

• 6. Also called abortions by dilatation and curettage, (abbreviated to D and C).
• 7. Also called abortions by suction. When the procedure is used very soon after a presumed conception, the terms menstrual regulation or menstrual extraction are used.
• 9. Such procedures involve amniotic fluid exchange as in the instance of an abortion by saline injection, or the use of prostaglandins.

605

Full term deliveries¹ occur when the pregnancy has lasted at least 37 weeks, measured in conventional duration of pregnancy (603-3*). A pregnancy ending before the normal period is termed a premature delivery² or premature confinement² or premature birth² and the product of this delivery is called a premature baby⁴. Births which are not premature are called births at term³ or full-term births³. The word prematurity⁵ is used to refer to phenomena connected with premature delivery. A classification of births by stage of development that does not depend upon an estimate of the period of gestation is used in many countries. In this classification a live-born infant with a birth weight⁶ of 2,500 grams (5 1/2 lbs.) or less is said to be immature⁸. Immaturity⁷ is often combined with debility⁹, an abnormal state of weakness.

606

대부분의 분만은 단산¹ 이지만 때로는 다산²이 일어난다. 동일한 출산으로 태어난 두 아이는 쌍둥이³라고 부르는데, 이들은 일란성 쌍둥이⁴, 이란성 쌍둥이(identical twins)⁴ 로 나뉜다.(이란성 쌍둥이⁵ 또는 이란성 쌍생아⁵) 일란성은 하나의 난자가 수정 후 분할되어 생긴다. 그 결과 태어나는 아이는 반드시 동일한 성이어야한다. 이란성은 두 개 이상 난자의 동시 수정에 의해 일어나는 것으로, 그 결과 태어나는 아이들은 다른 성을 가질 수 있다.

• 2. 영국에서는 분만의 결과로 나타나는 1명 또는 그이상의 출생을 모성(maternity)이라는 용어를 사용하여 나타내고, 임산부 1인당 출생아의 수가 계산된다.
• 3. 다산으로 세 아이가 태어난 경우에는 세쌍둥이(triplets)라고 하고, 4명의 경우에는 네쌍둥이(quadruplets), 그리고 다섯 명의 경우에는 다섯쌍둥이(quintuplets)라고 한다. 쌍둥이,세 쌍둥이 등의 용어는 분만시의 출산 총 수로 세는 것이 일반적이지만, 때로는 여러 산을 출생아 수(살아태어난 자녀 수)에 한하여 분류할 수도 있다.