2013년 5월 9일 (목) 16:38 판

주 의 보고계신 다국어인구학사전은 현재 작업 중에 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 토론부분에서 확인해주세요.

610

출생은 합법성¹에 의해 분류된다. 엄밀하게 말하자면, 합법적인 아이²는 아버지와 어머니가 결혼 중에 임신한 것으로 정의할 수도 있다. 그러나 실제로 분류는 어머니가 임신했을 당시 결혼상태였는지, 혼인의 파경 (510-3), at the time of conception. A legitimate birth³ is the delivery of such a .child; other births are illegitimate births⁴. It is general practice to consider as legitimate the children who result from pre-marital conceptions⁵ or pre-nuptial conceptions⁵ (i.e., conceptions occurring before marriage) provided that the parents are married to each other at the time of the birth. An illegitimate child⁶ or child born out of wedlock⁶ may be legitimized⁸ or legitimated⁸ by the subsequent marriage of its parents. The process of legitimation⁹, which varies in different countries, may confer on the illegitimate child some or all of the legal rights of legitimate children. In some legal systems it is possible for a father to grant recognition⁷ to, or acknowledge⁷, his illegitimate child, i.e., to admit in legal form that he is the child’s father.

• 5. Bridal pregnancies is also used in this connection.
• 6. The legal term bastard has acquired a derogatory meaning but is occasionally used by historical demographers. According to the law of some countries a child is illegitimate if it results from adulterous relations or extra-marital relations i.e., a connection between a married woman and a man other than her husband, but such a birth is not always registered as illegitimate. .

611

Births are also classified by birth order¹, e.g. first births, second births, etc. Birth order is usually determined by considering all previous births to the mother³, and sometimes only births of the present marriage². Birth order is generally based on live births only, but occasionally late foetal deaths are taken into account as well. A classification of women by confinement order⁴ is made in the same way as for births by counting all pregnancies which lasted at least 28 weeks, and reckoning multiple births as one confinement (cf. 603-4). Similarly a classification by pregnancy order⁵ is made by counting all known pregnancies. In medical parlance, a woman is called nulligravida⁶ if she has never been pregnant; the terms primigravida⁷ and multigravida⁸ respectively are used for a woman who is pregnant for the first time or who has been pregnant before. Women are also classified by parity⁹, usually on the basis of the number of children born alive, although in biological literature the term refers to the number of confinements, and a woman who has had no confinement at all is said to be a nullipara¹⁰ or nulliparous¹⁰. Similarly, a woman is termed a primipara¹¹ and deemed to be primiparous¹¹ at her first confinement and a multipara¹² or multiparous¹² at subsequent confinements.

• 1. Higher order births are births occurring after the last specified order, e.g. fifth and higher order births.
• 9. A woman who has not borne any live children is called a zero-parity woman, a one-parity woman has borne one child but no more, and so on.

612

Studies of birth timing¹ deal with the length of birth intervals². These include the interval between marriage and the first birth³ and intervals between successive births⁴. The interval between a birth and a fixed date, such as that of a census (202-1 *) or survey (203-4), is called an open birth interval⁵; intervals that begin before and end after that date are called straddling intervals⁶. The interval between marriage and the N^th birth⁷ is also used to study the timing of births.

• 1. Birth spacing, although sometimes found in the sense of birth timing as above, is commonly used to refer to the deliberate efforts of couples to postpone a birth.
• 3. Also called first birth intervals. The second birth interval is that between the first and the second birth; and so on.
• 4. As seen from the vantage of that census or survey, the intervals between the recorded successive births are called closed birth intervals.

613

In computing the period of 임신위험¹ it is necessary to consider pregnancy intervals². The interval between marriage and the first pregnancy is the conception delay³ or first pregnancy interval³. The period between the end of one pregnancy and the beginning of the next is the inter-pregnancy interval⁴. If the time when the woman had no sexual activity is subtracted, a net inter-pregnancy interval⁵ is obtained. The period between the end of the last pregnancy and the date of a survey is called an open inter-pregnancy interval⁶.

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