2013년 5월 19일 (일) 08:02 판

주 의 보고계신 다국어인구학사전은 현재 작업 중에 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 토론부분에서 확인해주세요.

632

The general term birth rate¹ refers to a rate calculated by relating the number of live births observed in a population or sub-population during a given period to the size of the population or sub-population during the period. The rate is usually stated per 1,000, and the most usual period is one year. Where the term birth rate is used without qualification, it is understood to be the crude birth rate², and all live births are related to the entire population. The total birth rate³ based on live births and late foetal deaths is sometimes calculated. Legitimate birth rates⁴ and illegitimate birth rates⁵ are also calculated with legitimate and illegitimate births in the numerator and the currently married and unmarried female population, respectively, in the denominator. The illegitimacy ratio⁶, the number of illegitimate births per 1,000 total births, is more frequently used, however. To compare the fertility of different populations, standardized birth rates⁷ are often used to eliminate the effect on the birth rate of certain differences in structure of the population (most commonly the age and sex structure). The child-woman ratio⁸, most commonly the number of children aged 0 to 4 per 1,000 women of childbearing age, e.g., 15 to 49, is used as an index of fertility when reliable birth statistics are not available.
4 and 5. The denominator of the legitimate and illegitimate birth rate is sometimes the total population.

633

The term fertility rate¹ is often used when the denominator of the birth rate fraction is restricted to a group of individuals of the same sex in the reproductive ages (620-1). This denominator is commonly the mid-year population in the stated period, but it may also be the number of years lived by the group during the period, or the mean size of the group. Unless otherwise indicated, these rates are female fertility rates², and the rates are calculated for groups of women; the number of years lived by a given number of women in an interval is called the number of woman years³. Male fertility rates⁴ are computed sometimes in an analogous manner. Fertility rates are generally expressed as births per thousand (implied: individuals of the same category — sex, age, marital status, etc. — cf. 133-4*). Marital fertility rates⁵ or legitimate fertility rates⁵ relate the total number of legitimate births (610-3) to the number of currently married women; non-marital fertility rates⁶ or illegitimate fertility rates⁶ relate the total number of illegitimate births (610-4) to the number of single, widowed and divorced women. Overall fertility rates⁷ make no distinction according to the legitimacy (610-1) of the births or the marital status of the parents. The general fertility rate⁸ relates the total number of births to all women of reproductive age regardless of marital status. Rates based on a narrower age range (usually one-year or five-year age groups) are called age-specific fertility rates⁹ or age-specific birth rates⁹.

• 1. In many expressions used in this and following paragraphs, birth rate is used synonymously with fertility rate.
• 5. Marital fertility or legitimate fertility: the fertility of married persons (see 635-1).
• 6. Non-marital fertility or illegitimate fertility: the fertility of unmarried persons.

634

출생순위별 출산율 ¹은 출생 순위를 여성의 수, 결혼의 수, 이전 출산의 수와 관계지어 계산하는 것이다. 출산순위별 출산율² 은 특정 출산 순위를 제한 할 뿐만 아니라 분모를 순위 (611-6) 위험 (134-2)이 있는 여성으로 한정한 것이다. 그런 비율은 연령별 또는 결혼 기간별로 계산되는 것이 보통이다. 특정 출산순위별 확률³의 분자는 일정 기간동안 x + 1년의 출생아이고, 분모는 그 기간 초의 여자 인구 x명이 사용된다.

635

결혼출산력¹은 모에 의한 결혼 코호트 (116-2)의 정보를 이용하여 구할 수 있다. 결혼 지속 기간별 출산율²이 연령별 결혼 출산율³보다 사용되는 경우가 더 많다.

636

The term cohort fertility¹ refers to the reproductive performance of particular birth or marriage cohorts (116-2). When the age-specific or marriage duration-specific fertility rates are summed from the cohort’s beginning of exposure to risk until some later date, we speak of cumulative fertility². Completed fertility⁴ or lifetime fertility⁴ is the cumulative fertility until the date when all members of the cohort have reached the end of the reproductive period. The sum of the products of the fertility rates of the cohort by the probability of survival of the women to successive ages could be called the cumulative net fertility⁵ of the cohort.

• 4. Before the end of the reproductive period, the terms incomplete fertility or fertility to date are employed to show that the cohort’s cumulative fertility may be expected to increase.

637

Censuses and surveys may provide information on fertility when they include questions on the number of children born to enumerated women or couples, either during the current marriage¹, or overall. The mean number of children ever born per woman² or average parity² can be computed. The number of children per couple is sometimes called average family size³. It is also possible to calculate the mean number of births per marriage⁴. Special attention is paid to marriages of completed fertility⁵, those in which the wife had reached the end of the reproductive years before the marriage was dissolved. The final parity⁶ or completed parity⁶, i.e., the mean number of children per woman past the childbearing age, is not very different from completed fertility (636-4). The tabulation of final parity or completed fertility by number of children serves to compute series of parity progression ratios⁷; these are fractions whose denominator is the number of women with n children, and whose numerator is the number of women with n + 1 children. Special studies yield information on family formation⁸ and the family life cycle⁸. Among those, birth intervals (612-1) and the age at the birth of the last child¹⁰ for women of completed fertility are of particular interest.

638

Fertility histories¹ or reproductive histories¹ are accounts obtained for individual women of the important events in their reproductive lives, such as marriages, pregnancies, births, infant deaths, etc., and their dates. Fertility histories are often obtained retrospectively from surveys. Family forms¹ are used in historical demography (102-1), where they are established for a married couple and its children by family reconstitution² on the basis of vital records (211-3). A woman’s pregnancy history³ or pregnancy record³ contains detailed information about her pregnancies including the date when each began and ended, and the outcome of the pregnancy. Such detailed records on the timing of fertility have been used for various purposes. For example, they can provide information on natural fertility⁴, i.e., fertility in the absence of family limitation (624-4). They are also used to estimate fecundability⁵, the probability of conceiving per menstrual cycle (622-2). A distinction is made between natural fecundability⁶, in the absence of contraception, and residual fecundability⁷ in the opposite instance. The term effective fecundability⁸ designates a fecundability that is reckoned in terms of conceptions that result in live births only. The conception rate⁹ during the period of exposure to risk (613-1) is used to measure the effectiveness of contraception during periods of contraceptive use.

• 1. Birth histories are usually limited to live births.
• 6. When used alone, the word fecundability stands for natural fecundability.

639

A summary index of period fertility¹, i.e., the fertility of a particular year or period, computed by the summation of the series of age-specific fertility rates constituting the fertility schedule² and representing a synthetic measure of fertility³, is the total fertility rate⁴ or total fertility⁴. Other summary period indices can be obtained, such as the total legitimate fertility rate⁵, the summation of marriage duration-specific fertility rates, and the order-specific total fertility rate⁶, the summation of age-specific fertility rates order by order. The ratio of births to marriages⁷ is computed by relating the number of births of a given year, either to the marriages of the year, or to a weighted average of the marriages of the current and of the preceding years.

• 2. Also, fertility distribution or fertility function.
• 4. This is not a rate in the meaning of (133-4). Total fertility for a given year represents the number of children that would be bom per 1,000 women if they experienced no mortality and were subject to the age-specific fertility rates observed for that year. The period gross reproduction rate (see 711-4) which is derived by multiplying the total fertility rate by the proportion of female births, has often been used in the past, but the total fertility rate is preferred at present as the summary index of period fertility.
• 5. Or total marital fertility. The term is also used to describe the sum of the age-specific marital fertility rates above age 20.

640

임신 중절 (604-2)이 합법화된 나라에서는 합법적 낙태 (604-4)에 대한 통계를 낼 수 있다. 낙태 비율¹은 한 인구에서 보통 1년 동안 발생하는 인공 임신 중절의 빈도를 나타낸다. 이 경우 낙태를 인구나 재생산 나이의 여자 인구에 관계 짓거나, 연령,패리티,기타 특성별로 계산할 수도 있다. 낙태 비율²은 동일한 기간의 출생 (601-4)의 숫자로 낙태 수를 나눈 것이다. 평생 낙태 비율³은 연령별 낙태 비율⁴의 합계로, 여자 1,000명당의 합성지표라고 할 수 있다.

* * *